The minimum set of higher-level application services, which builds on the bearer, transport, and middleware services, includes electronic mail, fax, remote log-in, database browsing, digital-object storage, and financial-transaction services. As the NII matures, this minimum set should evolve to become more comprehensive. Beyond this minimum set are more demanding services, which include audio and video servers, both broadcast and interactive.
Predictor: Kleinrock, Leonard
Prediction, in context:In a May 1994 executive summary of the report “Realizing the Information Future: The Internet and Beyond,” Leonard Kleinrock says his NRENaissance Committee of the National Research Council concludes: ”Achieving an open network hinges on articulating and maintaining an appropriate open architecture. Without a unifying architecture, multiple, disparate networks will not only have to replicate common services, but may also implement them in incompatible ways. The Open Data Network proposed in this report involved a four-level, layered architecture configured as follows: (1) At the lowest level is an abstract bit-level service, the bearer service, which is realized out of the lines, switches and other elements of networking technology; (2) above this level is the transport level, with functionality that transforms the basic bearer service into the proper infrastructure for higher-level applications (as is done on today’s Internet by the TCP protocol) and with coding formats to support various kinds of traffice (e.g., voice, video, fax); (3) above the transport level is the middleware, with commonly used functions (e.g., file-system support, privacy assurance, billing and collection, and network directory services); and (4) at the upper level are the applications with which the users interact directly. This layered approach with well-defined boundaries permits fair and open competition among providers of all sorts at each of the layers … The minimum set of higher-level application services, which builds on the bearer, transport, and middleware services, includes electronic mail, fax, remote log-in, database browsing, digital-object storage, and financial-transaction services. As the NII matures, this minimum set should evolve to become more comprehensive. Beyond this minimum set are more demanding services, which include audio and video servers, both broadcast and interactive.”
Biography:Leonard Kleinrock published the first paper on packet-switching theory in the RLE Quarterly Progress Report while at MIT in 1961. He established the Network Measurement Center at UCLA and worked in the area of digital networks. He also published a comprehensive look at digital networks in his book “Communication Nets.” He developed the ARPANET network with Lawrence Roberts. In 1969, Kleinrock’s NMC team connected an SDS Sigma 7 computer to an Interface Messenger Processor, creating the first node on the ARPANET, the first computer to connect to the Internet. Kleinrock’s team used the early system to iron out the initial design and performance issues on the world’s first packet-switched network. (Pioneer/Originator.)
Date of prediction: January 1, 1994
Topic of prediction: Information Infrastructure
Subtopic: Language/Interface/Software
Name of publication: Realizing the Information Future: The Internet and Beyond
Title, headline, chapter name: Executive Summary
Quote Type: Direct quote
Page number or URL of document at time of study:
http://www.nap.edu/readingroom/books/rtif/summary.html
This data was logged into the Elon/Pew Predictions Database by: Krout, Kevin M.